數控加工(gong)(gong)是(shi)指在(zai)數控機床(chuang)(chuang)上進行零(ling)(ling)件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)的一種工(gong)(gong)藝方法，數控機床(chuang)(chuang)加工(gong)(gong)與傳統機床(chuang)(chuang)加工(gong)(gong)的工(gong)(gong)藝規程從總體(ti)上說是(shi)一致的，但也(ye)發生了明顯的變化(hua)(hua)。用數字信息控制零(ling)(ling)件(jian)和(he)刀(dao)具位移的機械加工(gong)(gong)方法。它是(shi)解決零(ling)(ling)件(jian)品(pin)種多(duo)變、批(pi)量小(xiao)、形狀(zhuang)復雜、等問(wen)題和(he)實現 化(hua)(hua)和(he)自動化(hua)(hua)加工(gong)(gong)的途徑。

數(shu)控加(jia)(jia)工(gong)是(shi)指，由控制(zhi)系統(tong)發出指令使刀(dao)具作符合要(yao)求的各種運動，以數(shu)字和(he)(he)字母形(xing)(xing)式表示工(gong)件(jian)的形(xing)(xing)狀和(he)(he)尺寸等技術要(yao)求和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝要(yao)求進(jin)行的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)。 [1]  它泛指在數(shu)控機(ji)床(chuang)上(shang)進(jin)行零件(jian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)的工(gong)藝過(guo)程。

數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)是(shi)(shi)一種用(yong)(yong)計算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，用(yong)(yong)來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，不(bu)管是(shi)(shi)計算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、還是(shi)(shi)通用(yong)(yong)計算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)都統(tong)(tong)(tong)稱為數(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)和(he)輔助動(dong)(dong)作均受控(kong)(kong)于數(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令。而數(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令是(shi)(shi)由(you)程(cheng)序員根據工件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材質(zhi)、加工要求(qiu)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性和(he)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)所規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令格(ge)式（數(shu)控(kong)(kong)語言(yan)或(huo)符號）編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)根據程(cheng)序指(zhi)令向伺服裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)其(qi)它功能部件(jian)發(fa)出運行或(huo)終斷(duan)信息(xi)來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種運動(dong)(dong)。當零(ling)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加工程(cheng)序結束時，機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)便會自動(dong)(dong)停(ting)止。任何一種數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，在其(qi)數(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中若沒有輸入程(cheng)序指(zhi)令，數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)就不(bu)能工作。機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受控(kong)(kong)動(dong)(dong)作大(da)致包括機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起動(dong)(dong)、停(ting)止；主軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟停(ting)、旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向和(he)轉(zhuan)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變換；進(jin)給運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向、速度、方(fang)(fang)(fang)式；刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇、長度和(he)半徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償；刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)換，冷卻液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開起、關閉等。

數(shu)控(kong)加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序編制(zhi)方(fang)法有(you)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)（人工(gong)(gong)）編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之分(fen)。手(shou)工(gong)(gong)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序的全部內容是(shi)由人工(gong)(gong)按數(shu)控(kong)系統所規定的指令格式編寫的。自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即計算(suan)機(ji)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)以語言和繪畫為(wei)基礎(chu)的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法。但是(shi)，無(wu)論是(shi)采用何種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法，都需要有(you)相應配套的硬件和軟件。

可見，實現數控(kong)加工(gong)(gong)編程是關鍵。但光(guang)有編程是不(bu)行的，數控(kong)加工(gong)(gong)還(huan)包括(kuo)編程前(qian)要(yao)做的一系列準備工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)及編程后的善后處理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。一般(ban)來說數控(kong)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝主要(yao)包括(kuo)的內容(rong)如下：

⑴ 選擇并(bing)確定進行(xing)數控(kong)加工的(de)零件及內容；

⑵ 對零件圖(tu)紙(zhi)進行數控(kong)加(jia)工(gong)的工(gong)藝分析(xi)；

⑶數(shu)控加工的工藝設(she)計；

⑷ 對(dui)零件圖紙的數學處理(li)；

⑸ 編寫(xie)加工程序單(dan)；

⑹ 按程(cheng)序單制作控制介質(zhi)；

⑺程序的(de)校驗與修(xiu)改；

⑻ 一件試(shi)加工與現場問題處理；

⑼數(shu)控(kong)加工(gong)工(gong)藝文件的定型與歸檔。

為(wei)了提高生產自動化程(cheng)(cheng)度，縮短編程(cheng)(cheng)時間和(he)(he)降低數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本，在(zai)航(hang)空航(hang)天工(gong)(gong)業中(zhong)還(huan)發展和(he)(he)使用了一(yi)(yi)系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)技術。如計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，即用小型或(huo)(huo)微(wei)型計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)代(dai)替數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器，并用存貯在(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)執行(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)能，這種(zhong)軟(ruan)連接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)正在(zai)逐(zhu)步取代(dai)初始(shi)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)。直接(jie)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用一(yi)(yi)臺計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)直接(jie)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)臺數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)，很適合(he)于(yu)飛行(xing)器的(de)(de)(de)小批(pi)量短周期生產。理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)連續改(gai)變加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)參(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)自適應控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)，雖(sui)然系(xi)統(tong)本身很復雜，造(zao)價昂貴，但可(ke)以提高加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)效率和(he)(he)質(zhi)量。數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)發展除在(zai)硬件(jian)(jian)方面(mian)對(dui)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)外，還(huan)有另一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)要方面(mian)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)軟(ruan)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)發展。計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)輔助(zhu)編程(cheng)(cheng)（也(ye)叫自動編程(cheng)(cheng)）就是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)員(yuan)用數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語(yu)言(yan)寫(xie)(xie)出程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)后(hou)(hou)，將(jiang)它輸(shu)入(ru)到(dao)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)翻(fan)譯，由(you)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)自動輸(shu)出穿孔(kong)帶或(huo)(huo)磁帶。用得比(bi)較廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語(yu)言(yan)是(shi)(shi)(shi) APT語(yu)言(yan)。它大體上(shang)分為(wei)主處(chu)理程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)和(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)置處(chu)理程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。前(qian)者對(dui)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)員(yuan)書寫(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)以翻(fan)譯，算(suan)(suan)出刀(dao)具軌(gui)跡(ji)；后(hou)(hou)者把刀(dao)具軌(gui)跡(ji)編成(cheng)數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)前(qian)事先在(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)上(shang)編寫(xie)(xie)好(hao)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)，再將(jiang)這些程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)輸(shu)入(ru)到(dao)使用計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)進(jin)行(xing)指令(ling)性加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，或(huo)(huo)者直接(jie)在(zai)這種(zhong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)板上(shang)編寫(xie)(xie)指令(ling)進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)包括：走(zou)刀(dao)，換刀(dao)，變速，變向，停車等，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)自動完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)代(dai)模具制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)手段(duan)。當然，數(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)手段(duan)也(ye)   不(bu)只用于(yu)模具零(ling)件(jian)(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，用途廣泛(fan)。