數控(kong)加(jia)(jia)工是指在數控(kong)機(ji)床上進行零(ling)件(jian)(jian)加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)一(yi)種工藝方(fang)法，數控(kong)機(ji)床加(jia)(jia)工與傳(chuan)統(tong)機(ji)床加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)工藝規程從總(zong)體上說(shuo)是一(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)，但也發生了(le)明顯的(de)(de)變(bian)化。用數字信息控(kong)制零(ling)件(jian)(jian)和(he)刀具位移的(de)(de)機(ji)械加(jia)(jia)工方(fang)法。它是解決(jue)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)品種多(duo)變(bian)、批量小、形狀復雜、等(deng)問題和(he)實現 化和(he)自動化加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)途徑。

數(shu)(shu)控加(jia)(jia)工(gong)是指，由(you)控制系統發出指令(ling)使刀具作(zuo)符合要求的各種(zhong)運動，以數(shu)(shu)字(zi)和字(zi)母形式表(biao)示(shi)工(gong)件(jian)的形狀和尺(chi)寸等技術要求和加(jia)(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝要求進(jin)行的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)。 [1]  它(ta)泛指在數(shu)(shu)控機床上進(jin)行零(ling)件(jian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)的工(gong)藝過程。

數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種用計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)來(lai)(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)，用來(lai)(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，不管是(shi)(shi)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、還是(shi)(shi)通用計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)都統(tong)(tong)稱為數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)和(he)輔助動(dong)作(zuo)均受控(kong)(kong)于(yu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)發出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令。而數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令是(shi)(shi)由程序員根據工件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材質、加(jia)工要求、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性和(he)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)所(suo)規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)令格式（數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)語言(yan)或符號）編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)根據程序指(zhi)令向伺服裝置和(he)其(qi)它功(gong)能部件發出(chu)運行(xing)或終斷(duan)信息來(lai)(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)制機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種運動(dong)。當零(ling)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工程序結束時，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)便(bian)會自動(dong)停止。任何一(yi)種數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)，在其(qi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中若沒有(you)輸(shu)入程序指(zhi)令，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)就(jiu)不能工作(zuo)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受控(kong)(kong)動(dong)作(zuo)大(da)致包括機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)、停止；主軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)停、旋轉方向和(he)轉速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變換；進給(gei)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向、速度、方式；刀具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇、長度和(he)半徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補償；刀具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)換，冷卻液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)起(qi)、關閉等。

數控(kong)加工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序編(bian)制方(fang)法(fa)有手(shou)工（人工）編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和自(zi)(zi)動(dong)編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之分。手(shou)工編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序的全部內容(rong)是(shi)由(you)人工按數控(kong)系統所規定的指(zhi)令格式(shi)編(bian)寫的。自(zi)(zi)動(dong)編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即(ji)計算機編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，可分為以語(yu)言和繪畫為基(ji)礎的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法(fa)。但(dan)是(shi)，無(wu)論是(shi)采用何種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)編(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法(fa)，都需(xu)要有相應配(pei)套的硬件和軟件。

可(ke)見(jian)，實現數控(kong)加(jia)工(gong)編(bian)程是(shi)關鍵。但光有編(bian)程是(shi)不行的(de)，數控(kong)加(jia)工(gong)還包(bao)括(kuo)編(bian)程前(qian)要做的(de)一(yi)系列準備(bei)工(gong)作及(ji)編(bian)程后的(de)善后處理工(gong)作。一(yi)般來(lai)說數控(kong)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)主要包(bao)括(kuo)的(de)內容如下：

⑴ 選擇并(bing)確定進行數控加(jia)工的零件(jian)及內容；

⑵ 對零件圖紙進行(xing)數控加工的工藝分析；

⑶數控加(jia)工的工藝設計(ji)；

⑷ 對零件(jian)圖紙的(de)數學處理；

⑸ 編(bian)寫(xie)加(jia)工程序(xu)單；

⑹ 按程序單制作控(kong)制介(jie)質；

⑺程序的校驗與修改；

⑻ 一(yi)件試加(jia)工與現場問題處理；

⑼數(shu)控加工工藝文件(jian)的(de)定型與歸(gui)檔。

為了提(ti)高生(sheng)產(chan)自(zi)動(dong)化程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度，縮短(duan)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)間和(he)(he)降(jiang)低數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)，在(zai)航(hang)空航(hang)天(tian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業中還發展和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)了一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術。如(ru)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，即用(yong)(yong)(yong)小型(xing)或(huo)微(wei)型(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)代(dai)替數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)器，并用(yong)(yong)(yong)存貯在(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)件執行(xing)(xing)(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)功能，這種(zhong)(zhong)軟(ruan)連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統正(zheng)在(zai)逐(zhu)步取代(dai)初始(shi)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統。直接(jie)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)臺(tai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)直接(jie)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)多(duo)臺(tai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)，很(hen)適(shi)合于飛行(xing)(xing)(xing)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小批量短(duan)周期生(sheng)產(chan)。理(li)(li)想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統是(shi)(shi)可連(lian)續改變(bian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)適(shi)應控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系統，雖然系統本(ben)身很(hen)復雜，造(zao)價(jia)昂貴，但可以(yi)提(ti)高加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率和(he)(he)質(zhi)量。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展除(chu)在(zai)硬件方面對(dui)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系統和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外，還有另(ling)一(yi)個重要方面就是(shi)(shi)軟(ruan)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)輔助編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（也叫自(zi)動(dong)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）就是(shi)(shi)由(you)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)員用(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語言(yan)寫(xie)出程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)后，將它輸(shu)入到(dao)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)中進行(xing)(xing)(xing)翻譯，由(you)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)動(dong)輸(shu)出穿孔帶(dai)或(huo)磁帶(dai)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)得比較廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語言(yan)是(shi)(shi) APT語言(yan)。它大體上(shang)分(fen)為主(zhu)處理(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)和(he)(he)后置處理(li)(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。前者對(dui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)員書寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)以(yi)翻譯，算出刀具軌跡；后者把(ba)刀具軌跡編成數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)件加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件進行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前事先在(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)編寫(xie)好程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)，再將這些(xie)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)輸(shu)入到(dao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)指令性加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，或(huo)者直接(jie)在(zai)這種(zhong)(zhong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算機(ji)(ji)(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)面板上(shang)編寫(xie)指令進行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括：走刀，換刀，變(bian)速，變(bian)向，停(ting)車等，都是(shi)(shi)自(zi)動(dong)完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)現(xian)代(dai)模具制(zhi)造(zao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)手段。當然，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)手段也   不只用(yong)(yong)(yong)于模具零(ling)件加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)途廣泛。